Review: Repashy Superfoods

Repashy Superfoods Releases New Line of Fish Food!

By Ted Judy

The aquarium hobby is inundated with so many types of fish food that when something truly unique comes around we should all step up and take notice.  The challenge for a commercial food producer is to produce a product that is inexpensive to manufacture, has a reasonably believable level of nutrition, has a method of delivery that is palatable to fish and is not so overburdened with useless fillers and binders that the food becomes inefficient ay doing what food is meant to do… provide nutrients and energy to fish.

All of the fish foods that we are familiar with have their strengths and weaknesses.  Heat-processed food like flakes and pellets lose a lot of their nutrient value when being manufactured, and lose even more as soon as they soak up water (which dissolves vitamins away as fast as the fish can eat).  Dry foods also contain a high percentage of binding agents that are indigestible and make the food bulky, which means that the fish need to eat more of it to get the level of nutrients they need.  Frozen foods are mostly water, and along with freeze dried foods are very one-dimensional in nutrients.

Many decades ago hobbyists started playing with home-made formulas that used gelatin or agar agar as a binding agent for ‘gel’ food recipes.  Some of these are successful, others not so much, but very few hobbyists stick with the process because of the hassle and mess with producing them.  Plus, the gelling agents were not easy to work with, are not very palatable to fish, have no nutritional value.

Conceptually, a gel-based food should be the perfect delivery system for nutrients, because is the right recipe can be found the process of making it should produce a food with no nutrient loss, no vitamin loss in water, and endless array of nutrient combinations and all packaged in a way that is palatable to fish…  IF IF IF a gelling agent can be found that is less bulky than gelatin or agar.

Allen Repashy, creator of the Repashy Superfoods that have been well known to reptile hobbyists for a decade, has released a new line of gel foods for fish that promise to be the solution.  I have been involved with the testing of these foods, and I am completely sold.  I love the stuff.  Here is the official press release for the new line, which does a great job of describing the strengths of the product.

 

Repashy Superfoods -  Press Release

Repashy would like to announce the introduction of a completely new type of fish food for the Hobbyist and Breeder market. This new line is the culmination of several years of research and development that started life as an amphibian diet, and evolved into a fish food line during the course of testing and development.

Repashy has adopted its proprietary gel technology from its Reptile line, and used it as the backbone to develop this new line of gel diet premixes. These products are sold as powders that are quickly and easily made into firm gels. The gels agents are plant based and there is no need for refrigeration to solidify the gel after heating.

Repashy Gels do a better job of locking in nutrients than any flake, pellet, or powdered diet. Water soluble vitamins and other nutrients remained locked into the gel matrix and remain stable until broken down.

Repashy uses only the highest quality available ingredients. It uses only whole animal ingredients, no “fish meal” or other ingredients that are only industry rejected byproducts. We use whole fish, whole squid, and whole krill as the backbone of our fish lines. (excluding our vegan formulas).

Repashy Gels use no fillers, starches, or binders such as Wheat, Wheat Middlings, Wheat Gluten, Wheat Flour, Rice Flour, Rice Gluten, Corn Meal, Corn Starch, Cereal Starch. All Repashy formulas are Gluten Free.

Repashy’s proprietary gel technology uses soluble algae and plant fibers in a combination that optimizes the gel firmness, elasticity, and durability while only using inclusion levels of 5% on average. Typical Flake and Pellet formulas use up to 20% binders in their products, meaning our formulas allow inclusion of up to 15% more high quality ingredients.

Repashy Gels contain no gelatin, which requires refrigeration to set, and is made of the poorly digestible protein collagen. Gelatin inclusion levels in gel feeds can reach 20% of total formula. This protein will be included in a nutritional analysis, and misrepresent the amount of high quality, bio available protein available in the product. Gluten, which is the most used binder in Flake and Pellet feeds, is also a poorly digestible protein that similarly misrepresents the bio available protein levels in a feed analysis.  These poorly digestible proteins, as well as starch binders, can also contribute to water fouling, increase potential gastro intentional blockage, bind the absorption of other nutrients, and promote issues such as bloat.

Repashy Gels also contain no Soy products. Soy contains high levels of Tripsin inhibitors, (a compound necessary to absorb protein) and contains Haemagglutinin growth inhibitors, which are estrogen like compounds.

Repashy Gels all contain a combination of more than six high carotenoid ingredients, (in the form of our famous “SuperPig” premix) providing a full spectrum of carotenoids. Levels in gels range from 250ppm to over 500ppm total carotenoids and are the highest in the industry.

Repashy Gels will remain stable for 24-48 hours in water, which promotes a natural grazing type feeding compared to the “binge and purge” environment provided by once or twice a day feeding. Slow constant feeding, insures a naturally slow digestion process which is not possible when intermittently feeding large amounts and allowing the stomach to empty between feedings.

Repashy Gels use no artificial food colorings or flavors.

Repashy Gels utilizes low temperature gelling agents and does not require a full boil for long periods of time like gelatin or Agar does. It requires around 85c for only a few minutes to induce gel formation. This insures minimal nutrient degradation, especially compared to the high heat process of pellet extrusion or hot drum rolling (making flakes), which produce the very high heat/steam required to activate starch and gluten based binders.

Repashy Gels are thermo-reversible, meaning if you don’t get a good firm gel due to insufficient temperature, you can just reheat and set it again.

Repashy Gels are a very effective way to orally medicate fish. The gel can be heated to required temperature, and the medication can be mixed in as the gel cools, but before it becomes firm. This insures minimal temperature effect on medications. The medication will remain locked into the gel as long as the gel remains solid. This insures direct intestinal delivery which is vastly superior to absorption through medicating the water.

Repashy is launching this new line with the first four of a dozen products. Many of the formulas will work equally well for fresh AND salt water fish. We truly believe that this line will change the way that people look and think about fish feeding. We welcome your feedback and are continually working to improve our products.

Cheers, Allen Repashy

Repashy Superfoods are available through specialty retailers, and the first shipments out to those retailers are just arriving the week of Jan. 23, 2012.  For more information and to order Repashy Superfoods, you can visit my website: http://tedsfishroom.com/category/repashy-superfoods/  There are some videos of the food in action, as well as lists of ingredients (on the product pages for each formula).

There are currently four formulas available, and once the whole line is released over the next few months there will be 12 new foods in all.  Please check it out!  Do not hesitate to contact me through my website if you have any questions.

www.tedsfishroom.com

Pogostemon erectus

by Robert Paul Hudson

 

P. erectus is like a miniature version of P. stellata.  I really like this plant. It generally doesn’t grow more than eight inches tall if you have intensive light. Under weak light it will grow taller with wide gaps between the leaves. The shape of the leaves and stems may remind you of a conifer tree. The soft green color and fine texture are quite inviting.

Other than its light and C02 requirements, Pogostemon erectus is fairly easy to grow and undemanding. The plant originated from India, and until recently has been rarely available in the USA.  Florida Aquatic Nurseries is now producing this plant and selling it through their retailers such as www.aquariumplants.com.

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides

by Robert Paul Hudson

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides is the mini-mini pennywort found growing all over Asia fully submersed in shallow water. The leaves grow no bigger than a dime on thin, creeping stems. It is a great foreground-middle-ground plant in the aquascape.  This plant does demand fairly high levels of light and should have significant C02 levels. If these needs ar met, it is a fairly easy plant to grow.

This is one of the new plants for 2012 made available by Florida Aquatic Nurseries in the USA. Before now the plant has been rarely imported to the USA, but has been available in Europe for quite some time by the Danish nursery Tropica Plants.

If you have an opportunity to get this plant, you should give it a try. It adds a fanciful and dainty look to any aquascape!

 

 

Cryptocoryne albida

Cryptocoryne albida

by Robert Paul Hudson

Cryptocoryne albida is a long leaf plant but not too overpowering in size. I do not think the plant would ever get more than a foot tall. This plant is native to Thailand and Burma in slightly acidic marshes. The plant is not too picky about water hardness in the aquarium and can tolerate moderately hard water, although slightly acidic water and substrate may be the most ideal. The color of the leaves range from a dark green to a brownish red, and the edges of the leaves vary somewhat from smooth to slightly ruffled.

Until recently the plant has not been widely available in the USA and only occasionally imported, but recently Florida Aquatic nurseries has made it available potted and it is sold by their retailers such as www.aquariumplants.com.

If you are beginning a collection of Cryptocoryne species, this is an excellent addition and easy to grow. As a bog plant it is also easy to flower.

Cryptocoryne wendtii Florida sunset

cryptocoryne wendtii sunset

by Robert Paul Hudson

Cryptocoryne wendtii has been a long time favorite in the aquarium, and is one of the Cryps from Sri Lanka that is easy to grow in the aquarium. A couple years ago Florida Aquatic Nurseries released their new cultivated version that is variegated showing multiple colors of green, yellow, white, orange, and red. It is quite a unique looking plant.

Cryptocoryne wendtii sunsetHobbyist have reported that the leaves loose their color and turn green after being in the aquarium for a while, but FAN President Brandon McLane insists this should not be the case and that they grow the plant totally submersed in their facilities. According to him it may be an issue of light. It is possible that for the plant to retain its variegated rainbow of colors, it may require sufficiently higher light levels than normal wendtii.

The amount of coloring on the leaves of this plant can vary greatly from one plant to the next. Some may show a hint of variegation while others may have nearly solid yellow or white coloring with a hint of red.

Wendtii is also notorious for going through some leaf melt when transplanting or if water conditions are unstable. If this happens, new leaves will grow out usually within 30 days or so.

While the species is not too picky about fertilization, it does respond well to a nutrient rich substrate or substrate fertilizer tabs.It can also tolerate a wide range of hardness, but a low to medium KH may be the most ideal.

The leaves grow from a woody horizontal root structure called a rhizome that when divided will produce another plant. Wendtii also sends out short runners with new plants. The growth rate is slow to moderate depending on conditions, and generally the plant is placed in the middle or rear as it gets taller. You should pick a good spot for it and avoid moving it later to prevent leaf melt. The plant will rarely flower underwater.

Nesaea pedicellata

Nesaea pedicellata

by Robert Paul Hudson

 

Nesaea pedicellata is a stem plant from Africa that has  thick stems and large leaves that are soft green with shades of red and yellow. Until 2009 this plant was rare in the USA and only imported occasionally, but since then has been grown commercially by Florida Aquatic Nurseries and sold by their retailers. It requires moderate to bright light and added C02 is recommended. Some web sites describe this as a difficult plant to grow, but mine started growing and turning red at the tops within the first week, and has even started growing side shoots and roots.

It tolerates hard or soft water, and responds well to a nutrient rich substrate. Becuase of its large size it should be placed toward the rear of the aquarium.

 Family

Lythraceae

Continent
Africa

Country of origin
West Africa

Height
20-40+ cm

Width
10-20+ cm

Light requirements
medium-very high

Temperature Nesaea pedicellata
22-30 °C

Hardness tolerance
soft-hard

pH tolerance
5,5-8

Growth
medium

Demands
easy

True Rotala indica or Ammannia bonsai

by Robert Paul Hudson

rotala indica

 

This plant is part of a confusing name game. For years “Rotala indica” has been a name associated with a very common aquarium plant otherwise known as Rotala rotundifolia.  A couple of years ago the name Rotala indica was given as the proper name to a plant first known as Ammannia bonsai.  In the trade and still in many books, R. rotundifolia is still referred to as R. indica.  On the internet some hobbyists refer to the proper R. indica as the “true Rotala indica”.  For the purpose of this article I will simply refer to it as Rotala indica.

Rotala indica is still rather rare in the USA and is only occasionally imported. The specie is native to Africa and is characterized by stiff stems with very small roundish leaves. The plant looks very erect, growing straight up. The leaves are mostly green with a hint of red. Growth rate is slow and the plant is very light demanding.

I first came across this plant back in 04 or 05 when it was still known as Ammania bonsai, and I was in the business of selling plants on the internet. The plant was offered to me by an importer on the east coast. At the time I was not that impressed with the plant. It seemed rather unattractive to me, and difficult to maintain because of its light requirements. At the time I was more interested in plants that adapted and grew quickly so I could move them in and out of stock. A couple years later there seemed to be more interest in the plant from collectors.  Now that I am a hobbyist rather than a retailer, I am looking at the plant with more interest.

People use this plant in tight groups as a semi foreground to middle ground plant, which makes sense because of how small the leaves are. Height wise the stems may grow pretty tall, but can be pruned to maintain any desired height.

I recently received several stems from plantedtank.net member Craigthor, and I am looking forward to growing them in my aquarium.

 

 

An Easy Guide to CEC for the Aquarium

by Robert Paul Hudson

Lately there seems to be a renewed interest among hobbyists in using soil in freshwater planted aquariums. If you are considering doing this, one of the most basic things about soil science to take into account is CEC- cation exchange capacity. In agriculture and indoor gardening it is very important, and in the aquarium it is a factor in the overall success of using soil in a substrate.

What is CEC?

The Exchange Capacity of soil and growing mediums is a measure of its ability to hold and release various chemical elements and compounds that include nutrients for plant growth.

If you study chemistry you will learn that elements and compounds are ions, which means a charged particle. These particle ions can either be positively charged or negatively charged. Positive charged ions are called cations, and negatively charged ions are called anions.

Positive charged ions are attracted to the surface of a negatively charged medium and held there in a condensed layer where they may come into contact with plant roots. This “holding” prevents the cations from leeching out of the medium.

In agriculture a soil low in CEC would have its nutrients washed and carried away every time it rained. In the aquarium a low CEC substrate would have its nutrients leech into the water column.

Positive charged cations

Cations include some macro nutrients and all trace mineral nutrients. Other macro nutrients are anions. The most critical nutrients for CEC are Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, and trace minerals including iron.

Soil Organic Matter

Soil organic matter is the chief component of top soils and potting soil. This is decomposed organic material from compost, manure and humus. SOM is both positively charged and negatively charged so it will attract both cations and anions. Clay particles are almost always positively charged and attract only cations.

Cation Exchange Capacity is the measure of how many negatively charged sites are available in the soil or medium. Clay and other inert materials will continue their CEC indefinitely while SOM will last only until the organic material breaks down from further decomposition.

Cations and Anions

Common Cations: (ions grouped by charge)

Name Formula Other name(s)
Aluminum Al+3
Ammonium NH4+
Barium Ba+2
Calcium Ca+2
Chromium(II) Cr+2 Chromous
Chromium(III) Cr+3 Chromic
Copper(I) Cu+ Cuprous
Copper(II) Cu+2 Cupric
Iron(II) Fe+2 Ferrous
Iron(III) Fe+3 Ferric
Hydrogen H+
Hydronium H3O+
Lead(II) Pb+2
Lithium Li+
Magnesium Mg+2
Manganese(II) Mn+2 Manganous
Manganese(III) Mn+3 Manganic
Mercury(I) Hg2+2 Mercurous
Mercury(II) Hg+2 Mercuric
Nitronium NO2+
Potassium K+
Silver Ag+
Sodium Na+
Strontium Sr+2
Tin(II) Sn+2 Stannous
Tin(IV) Sn+4 Stannic
Zinc Zn+2

Common Anions: (ions grouped by charge)  (anions grouped by periodic position)

Simple ions:
Hydride H- Oxide O2-
Fluoride F- Sulfide S2-
Chloride Cl- Nitride N3-
Bromide Br-
Iodide I-
Oxoanions:
Arsenate AsO43- Phosphate PO43-
Arsenite AsO33- Hydrogen phosphate HPO42-
Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4-
Sulfate SO42- Nitrate NO3-
Hydrogen sulfate HSO4- Nitrite NO2-
Thiosulfate S2O32-
Sulfite SO32-
Perchlorate ClO4- Iodate IO3-
Chlorate ClO3- Bromate BrO3-
Chlorite ClO2-
Hypochlorite OCl- Hypobromite OBr-
Carbonate CO32- Chromate CrO42-
Hydrogen carbonate
or Bicarbonate
HCO3- Dichromate Cr2O72-
Anions from Organic Acids:
Acetate CH3COO- formate HCOO-
Others:
Cyanide CN- Amide NH2-
Cyanate OCN- Peroxide O22-
Thiocyanate SCN- Oxalate C2O42-
Hydroxide OH- Permanganate MnO4-

Calcium/Magnesium ratio

The Calcium to Magnesium ratio determines how tight or loose a soil is. The higher the Calcium the looser it is and the higher the Magnesium, the tighter it is. A high Calcium soil will have more oxygen and support more aerobic breakdown of organic material, a high Magnesium soil will be more likely to have organic material ferment. If you have an extreme level of Calcium,  the soil will loose its beneficial granulation and structure, which will interfere with the availability of other nutrients to plant uptake.

How plants get the nutrient cations 

The roots and microorganisms get these nutrients by exchanging free hydrogen ions.  The free hydrogen H+ fills the (-) site and allows the cation nutrient to be absorbed by the root or microorganism.

How to Increase CEC

Organic materials in soil usually have high CEC surfaces. This includes compost, peat, manure, and humus. Clays and other inert materials may also have high CEC surface areas and can be mixed with soil. Fired clay particles have much higher CEC than raw clay. This is what clay gravel aquarium substrates consist of. There are many different types of mineral clay and some are actually very low in CEC.

Here are some high CEC mediums that could be mixed with soil:

Cation Exchange Capacities for various growing media amendments and selected media.
Material/Cation Exchange Capacity meq/100g
Perlite/ 1.5 – 3.5
Silt/ 3.0 – 7.0
Clays/ 22.0 – 63.0
Pine Bark/ 53.0
Vermiculite/ 82.0 – 150.0
Sphagnum Peat/ 100.0 – 180.0
Humus/ 200.0
Peat moss : vermiculite 1:1/ 141.0
Peat moss : sand 1:1/ 8.0
Peat moss : perlite 1:3/ 11.0
Peat moss : perlite 2:1/ 24.0

Sources: see Bunt, A.C. 1988, and Landis, T. D. 1990.

The following is word for word from a University web site I saved several years ago. I have since lost the link:

Container growing mediums:

Sphagnum peat moss
Sphagnum peat moss, derived from the genus Sphagnum, contains at least 90% organic matter on a dry weight basis. In addition, this peat moss contains a minimum of 75% Sphagnum fiber, consisting of recognizable cells of leaves and stems.

Approximately 25 species of Sphagnum exist in Alberta, Canada and 335 species are present throughout the world. Sphagnum fuscum is an important species bearing many desirable traits. Sphagnum grows in northern cool regions and is also located in peat bogs found in Washington, Maine, Minnesota, and Michigan.

Many pores are present in the leaves of sphagnum; when used as growing media, as much as 93% of the water occupying this internal pore space is available for plant uptake (Peck, 1984). After draining, sphagnum peat can hold 59% water and 25% air by volume.

Sphagnum is usually characterized by an acidic pH, low soluble salts content, structural integrity, and the ability to serve as a nutrient reserve (Landis, 1990).

Although peat mosses are classified into four different groups, variation may exist within any one type of peat moss. Peats of the same classification often differ notably in quality, and even peats from the same bog taken from separate layers can possess different chemical and physical properties.

Sphagnum peat moss is classified as light or dark peat, based on its color. Light peats are characterized by a large amount of internal pore space, 15-40% of the pore space comprises aeration porosity. Dark sphagnum peat does not display the elasticity of light peat and is usually not as long lasting. Dark sphagnum peat moss maintains twice the cation exchange capacity of light peats, yet does not possess as much total or aeration porosity.

Inorganic media
Materials such as vermiculite, perlite, and sand represent the inorganic fraction often used in container media formulations. These materials generally increase the aeration porosity and drainage yet decrease the water-holding porosity of media. Inorganic components are usually inert materials characterized by a low cation exchange capacity.

Vermiculite
Vermiculite is a commonly used inorganic media component which is mined in the U.S. and Africa. This mineral, comprised of an aluminum/iron/magnesium/silicate mixture, is excavated as a material composed of thin layers. Processing includes heating the vermiculite to temperatures upwards of 1000 degrees C, which converts water trapped between the layers of the material into steam. The production of steam results in a pressure that expands the material, increasing the volume of the pieces 15 to 20 times their original size.

Vermiculite is sterile because of these high heating temperatures used during processing. Vermiculite is characterized by a high water-holding capacity as a result of its large surface area: volume ratio, a low bulk density, nearly neutral pH, and a high cation exchange capacity attributed to its structure. Because it compacts readily when combined with heavier materials, vermiculite is sometimes recommended more for propagating material than container media.

Vermiculite gradually releases nutrients for plant absorption; on average it contains 5-8% available potassium and 9-12% magnesium. This inorganic media component can adsorb phosphate – some of which remains in an available form for plant uptake – but cannot adsorb nitrate, chloride, or sulfate. Vermiculite can fix ammonium into a form that is not readily available for plant absorption. This fixed nitrogen is gradually transformed to nitrate by micro-organisms, making it available for plant uptake.

Vermiculite is manufactured in four different grades, differentiated by particle size. Insulation grade vermiculite and that which is marketed for poultry litter (which has not been treated with water repellents) has been used with some success. Vermiculite which has been treated with water repellent, such as block fill should not be used as growing media. Because vermiculite tends to compact over time, it should be incorporated with other materials such as peat or perlite to maintain sufficient porosity. It should not be used in conjunction with sand or as the sole media component, because as the internal structure of vermiculite deteriorates, air porosity and drainage decreases (Landis, 1990).

The particle size of vermiculite influences the water-holding and aeration porosity of the material. Although grade classification is based upon particle size, each grade is represented by a range of particle sizes. Note that grades consisting of larger particle sizes have a higher aeration porosity and lower water-holding porosity than grades consisting of a smaller range of particle sizes. Properties of the four vermiculite grades are shown in an associated table.

Perlite
A mineral of volcanic derivation, perlite is a second inorganic component which may be used in formulating container mixes. This chemically inert material is extracted in New Zealand, the U.S., and other countries and is usually mined by scraping the earth’s surface. The processing method includes a grinding and heat treatment (up to 1000 degrees C) which results in very lightweight, white sterile fragments. As the ore is heated, internal water escapes as steam, resulting in the expansion of the material.

Perlite has a very low cation exchange capacity, low water-holding capacity (19%), and neutral pH. The closed-cell composition of perlite contributes to its compaction resistance, enhances media drainage, and heightens the aeration porosity of peat-based media (Bilderback 1982). Because perlite contains only minute amounts of plant nutrients, liquid feeding is a practical mode of fertilization. Be aware of possible aluminum toxicity in acidic media (pH < 5).

The very low levels of fluoride perlite contains is not likely to pose plant health problems. Any soluble fluoride present in a media characterized by 6.0 < pH < 6.5 will precipitate out of the media with excess calcium from sources such as gypsum, limestone, or calcium nitrate.

Although perlite has several positive attributes, it also has drawbacks. Perlite consists of many fine fragments which, when dry, can lead to lung or eye irritation. In addition, because water clings to the surface of perlite, it may tend to float in the presence of water (Landis, 1990).

Perlite contains, on average, 47.5% oxygen, 33.8% silicon, 7.2% aluminum, 3.5% potassium, 3.4% sodium, 3.0% bound water, 0.6% iron and calcium, and 0.2% magnesium and trace elements (Perlite Institute, 1983). Although a uniform categorization of perlite does not exist, individual producers of this inorganic component assign grade levels. This inorganic media amendment is sometimes recommended for use only in propagation media because of its low bulk density and tendency to compact.

In comparison with sand, polystyrene, or pumice, perlite has the greatest inner total porosity. Coarse perlite is characterized by approximately 70% total porosity, 60% of which is aeration porosity. Perlite can retain two to four times its dry weight in water, which is much greater than that of sand and polystyrene, yet much less than the water-holding capacity of peat and vermiculite (Moore, 1987).

Sand
Sand has been used as an inorganic media component to add ballast to containers. Some sands contain calcium carbonate which may raise media pH undesirably. A rise in pH may lead to nutrient deficiencies, particularly of minor elements such as iron and boron. A few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid or strong vinegar may be added to sand to test for carbonates; if bubbling and fizzing result, carbonate is present as a result of carbon dioxide production.

Sand used for container media should have a 6 < pH < 7. Sand maintains good drainage, a low water-holding capacity, and a high bulk density when used independently of other materials. Because of its shape and size, sand can obstruct pore spaces, decreasing drainage and aeration, instead of improving porosity.

Various sand particle sizes have been recommended for container media use, including ranges of 2-3 mm or 0.05 – 0.5 mm (fine sand) in size (Landis, 1990). In addition, another recommendation suggests that 60% of the particles be within 0.25-1.0 mm range, and 97% be greater than 0.1 mm and less than 2 mm (Swanson, 1989). Uniformity coefficients assigned to sand mixtures signify the amount of sand which is within a certain size range; a coefficient < 4 is evidence of a homogeneous sand mixture (Swanson, 1989). If the correct grade of sand is used, the wet ability of the media is enhanced.

Calcined clays
When fired at high temperatures, some clays, fuel ash, and shales form stable compounds that possess low bulk densities and internal porosities of 40-50%. Though calcined clays alter the physical attributes of media in a positive way, they also decrease the level of water-soluble phosphorus in the mix.

Because calcined clays are characterized by a high cation exchange capacity, fertilizer application rates may need to be modified if calcined aggregates are incorporated into the media mixes (Bunt, 1988).

Pumice
Pumice is produced as volcanic lava cools; escaping steam and gas contribute to its porous nature. This alumino-silicate material contains potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and slight amounts of iron. Pumice can absorb K, Mg, P, and Ca from the soil solution and render it available for plant absorption later (Bunt, 1988).

Zeolite

Zeolite is a natural as well as synthetic mineral that has a honeycomb structure that provides a high CEC. It is inert, and in gravel form is suitable for the aquarium.

 

Conclusion

1. Top soil, potting soil is generally high in CEC, but has a limited life

2. Clay, depending on the type may be high in CEC and lasts forever

3.  Perlite and Vermiculite float in water so are not suitable for the aquarium

4.  Sand has low to zero CEC

Further reading:

Jamie Johnsons CEC and nutrient analysis

http://home.infinet.net/teban/jamie.htm

January 28th, 2012, Aqua Botanic Radio will be talking about soil in the aquarium

http://www.blogtalkradio.com/aquabotanic

 

Rotala sp. ‘Bangladesh’

Rotala Bangladesh by Robert Paul Hudson

 

Rotala sp. ‘Bangladesh’ is a regional variant that has not officially been classified.  It is being grown and traded among hobbyists on the internet. There is very little information about it on the internet. A few people claim it may be a variant of R. mexicana.  The leaves are fine, but not exactly needle like. The tops will get a little red under bright light.

If it is anything like mexicana, it requires bright light and fairly high levels of C02. Under proper conditions it grows fairly quickly and needs regular dosing of ferts to the water.

My stems were procured from plantedtank.net from a user khanzer22 for three dollars per stem. Other people are selling them for the ridiculous price of over 12 dollars per stem. The photo belongs to him as well.

I will provide more information as they grow out. When it is time to propagate, I will give some away free to anyone experienced enough to grow them and who will promise to also give some away for free.

 

Aqua Botanic Radio Show

Aqua Botanic Radio Show on blogtalkradio

Aqua Botanic radio is a weekly one hour talk show with guests and open phone lines for anyone to call in, ask questions and be part of the discussion. The show focuses on every day issues in the planted freshwater aquarium as well as fish and inverts that live in harmony with plants. Listen live or anytime to the recorded shows. Keep checking the blog for informative posts that relate to each show.

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Premier episode is saturday January 28th, 2012 10am pacific time, 1pm eastern standard time. Subject: Using soil in the aquarium. Guest,  Glenn McCreedy from plantedtank.net  Aqua Botanic Radio Show